I'm starting to think that the brass beads haven been treated or coated in some way, high tin content maybe. I have a few left in jars of different paints and solutions and none of them are even discolouring let alone corroding. Acid, alkaline, salt, no change at all.
It's possible. Brass has a pretty wide range of alloys within it's range, and quite a few of them have unexpected properties. It's not an immediate discoloration, but I've experienced it when I used tightly coiled 16 gauge wire as an agitator. Three bronzes I've tried have done the same thing, and I've given up on using anything with copper in it.
As a thought, anodized aluminum
might be a viable option as an agitator. Then again at that point it's just easier to use a marble. Those ceramic beads henoisha mentioned sound like a top notch idea.
EDIT: Anodized aluminum would be perfectly acceptable, just don't put in a piece that has any scratches on it. All other metals that are practical will corrode, even submerged in paint, if it's agitated and oxygen is introduced. Well technically they all will, but only the really expensive ones seem to be slow at it. (gold, cadmium, platinum, etc)
EDIT #2: With further research it appears ceramic beads are in fact the BEST option. Glass will corrode and discolor a paint if the paints PH deviates from a certain point. (I didn't bother checking what that point was) Ceramic has almost no corrosive potential, because it's ionic/covalent bonds are pretty much as void of chemical energy as they can get.